|
Astur-Leonese is a group of mutually intelligible Romance dialects of the West Iberian branch, including: * Asturian, ''asturianu'' or ''bable'', encompassing the vernaculars spoken in the Spanish province of Asturias, except the westernmost ones, which are more often considered dialects of Galician (see ''Eonavian'' below). This is the area with most speakers left. *Leonese, ''llionés'', encompassing the vernaculars spoken in northern and western parts of the province of León, and a few western areas in the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca, in Spain. The distinction between ''Asturian'' and ''Leonese'' cannot be made in purely linguistic terms. Leonese was spoken in the past in a much larger area; however, it is now approaching extinction. * The now-extinct dialects of the neighbour parishes of Rio de Onor and Guadramil, in the northern border of the District of Bragança, in Portugal; * Mirandese, ''mirandés'', in villages around the border town of Miranda do Douro, in the eastern border of the District of Bragança, in Portugal. In addition: * Cantabrian, ''cántabru'', encompassing the vernaculars spoken in Cantabria. Some of them, especially western ones, are further grouped with the traditional name ''montañés'' while eastern ones are included in ''pasiegu''. There are different positions about whether these varieties are dialects of the Spanish language, dialects of Astur-Leonese or independent languages on their own right. * The Extremaduran language, ''estremeñu'', spoken in northwestern Extremadura (Spain) is more distantly related to the group. * The Asturian Eonavian dialect, ''eonaviegu'' or ''gallego-asturianu'', spoken between the Eo and Navia rivers in Asturias is closer to Galician; it is sometimes considered the westernmost variety of Asturian, but it is more often seen as either a group of Galician dialects or an independent language.〔 Menéndez Pidal, R (1906): "El dialecto Leonés", ''Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos'', 2-3:130-131〕 Leonese (as a denomination for the whole linguistic group) was once regarded as an informal dialect (basilect) of Spanish, but in 1906, Ramón Menéndez Pidal showed it was the result of Latin evolution in the Kingdom of León.〔Menéndez Pidal 1906:128–141〕〔(UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. ) 〕〔(Ethnologue report for Spain ).〕 As is noted by the Spanish scholar Inés Fernández Ordoñez, Menéndez Pidal ''always maintained the idea that the Spanish language (or the common Spanish language, "la lengua común española", as he sometimes called it) evolved from a Castilian base which would have absorbed, or merged with, Leonese and Aragonese''〔Fernández Ordóñez, Menéndez Pidal and the beginnings of Ibero-Romance Dialectology: a critical survey one century later Ramón Menéndez Pidal after Forty Years: A Reassessment / coord. por Juan Carlos Conde, 2010, págs. 113-145 11-41〕 In that sense, in his works, ''"Historia de la Lengua Española"'' (History of the Spanish language) and specially ''"El español en sus primeros tiempos"'' (Spanish in its early times), this author explains the stages of this process, taking in count the influence caused in the first steps of the Spanish language, both by the Leonese dialect and the Aragonese dialect, and finally and in last place by Castilian, which, nowadays, due to the political integration process produced during the last eight centuries, has absorbed almost completely to the other two dialects.〔Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, Manual de gramática histórica española, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1940, p. 27〕 Leonese is officially recognised by the Autonomous Community of Castile and León (2006). In Asturias it is protected under the Autonomous Statute legislation and is an optional language at schools, where it is widely studied.〔(Euromosaic report ), ''Lexikon der romanitischen Linguistik'' 6.I:652-708〕 In Portugal, the related Mirandese language is recognized by the Assembly of the Republic as a co-official language along with Portuguese for local matters, and it is taught in public schools in the areas where Mirandese is natively spoken. Initially thought to be a basilect of Portuguese, José Leite de Vasconcelos studied Mirandese and concluded it was a separate language from Portuguese. ==History== The language developed from Vulgar Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Astures, an ancient tribe of the Iberian peninsula. Castilian (Spanish) came to the area later in the 14th century when the central administration sent emissaries and functionaries to occupy political and ecclesiastical offices. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Astur-Leonese languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|